Posted in Política on Agosto 20, 2008|
1 Comment »
“While he described the concept of positive liberty, Isaiah Berlin argued that the unbridled pursuit of positive liberty could lead to a situation where the state forced upon people a certain way of life, because the state judged that it was the most rational course of action, and therefore, was what a person should desire, whether or not people actually did desire it.
Individualist philosopher David Kelley argues against positive liberty, saying that it requires that persons be guaranteed positive outcomes which often requires the coercion of others to provide it. Meaning, positive rights “impose on others positive obligations to which they did not consent and which cannot be traced to any voluntary act”. Kelley notes that positive liberty evolved out of economic and natural risks such as poverty and old age. Rising living standards contributed to a visible difference between those improving their life and those left behind. Economic progress increased population size and allowed many to live who otherwise would have died, including many who could now live into old age.
Kelley, among other critics of positive liberty, argues that positive liberty’s concept of coercion is also misapplied. Positive liberty attempts to correct ills from economic and natural risks, but Kelley argues that these do not constitute coercion. Kelley states, “Advocates of positive freedom have exploited [concepts of coercion and freedom], insisting that lack of a certain opportunity deprives a person of the freedom to choose that opportunity.” Kelley notes that a person’s inability to run a five-minute mile does not remove the person’s freedom to do so, it is simply a fact of nature, nor is one’s freedom restricted by a more limited menu at a dinner, or a woman’s refusal to accept a marriage proposal a limitation of the man’s freedom to marry her. Advocates of positive freedom also insist that threats to health require the provision of positive freedom, but critics assert that disease and old age are inevitable features of human life, not a restriction of freedom. Kelley notes that this concept of positive freedom is “a notion that makes sense only if we assume that individuals in some new sense “ought” to be able to choose their fates in complete disregard of the facts.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty)
Read Full Post »